razavi MOSFET cs amp cs stage amplifier second-order effect differential Pair bandgap bandgap reference ptat ctat bandwidth modification loop gain differential mode common mode differential amplifier single stage amp diode connected load cs amplifier common source stage mosfet 동작원리 saturation region mosfet 기초 triode region overdrive voltage depletion region mosfet기초 반도체소자 threshold voltage Feedback OP AMP 반도체 channel constant-gm biasing high precision bandgap reference 저전력 bandgap reference low voltage bandgap reference ptat current bandgap generation temperature coefficient bandgap bjt reference generation start-up circuit power supply rejection op amp noise slewing slew rate cm sensing cm feedback differential amp cmfb common mode feedback cmfb gain-boosted amp load current source gain boosting differential cascode gain boosting op amp 성능 비교 regulated cascode frequency response gain boosting regulated cascode two stage op amp two-stage op amp mosfet cap moscap 3d finfet finfets middlebrook's method bode's method two-port method loading effect terminal impedance modification gain desensitization feedback noise feedback 분석법 folded cascode op amp one stage op amp one-stage op amp op amp 성능 feedback topology shunt-series shunt-shunt series-series series-shunt feedback 원리 feedback 장점 feedfoward closed loop gain open loop gain positive feedback negative feedback bode plot one-pole system unity-gain bandwidth unity gain gain-bandwith product gain-bandwidth miller 효과 miller 정리 miller's approximation miller effect 회로 bias 주는법 differential pair biasing biasing techniques source follower biasing cg biasing cs biasing circuit biasing biasing ota cmrr differential to single-ended converter ota headroom differential pair with active load 5t ota five transistor ota operational tranconductance amplifier active current mirrors current mirrors variable gain amplifier gilbert cell differential pair gain differential pair diode-connected load differential pair current source load differential pair with mos load vref shunt common-mode response common-mode rejection ratio differential pair with resistive degeneration differential pair with source degeneration differential amp differential amplifier 특성 differential amplifier common-mode differential amplifier output swing differential amplifier small-signal half-circuit concept fully differential aggressor victim single-ended current mirror diode connection cascode current mirror current mirror razavi basic current mirror current mirror ff ss fs process corner pvt variation cascode load poor man's cascode folded cascode cascode stage cascode common gate stage cg amp cg stage cd amp cd stage source follower common drain stage common-source stage with source degeneration source degeneration common-source stage with triode load triode load active load common-source stage with active load common source stage with diode-connected load common source stage with diode connected load cs amp gain common source stage with resistive load amplifiers single-stage amplifiers 대신호모델 소신호모델 voltage dependent current source pmos small-signal model mos device model mosfet model large-signal model small-signal model sidewall capacitance bottom-plate capacitance junction capacitance overlap capacitance depletion capacitance oxide capacitance parasitic capacitance mosfet device capacitance mosfet parasitic capacitance top view bird-eye's view metal wire contact window design rule mosfet layout breakdown punchthrough punch-through voltage limitations subthreshold subthreshold conduction weak inversion strong inversion mosfet 작동원리 pinch-off channel-length modulation coefficient channel-length modulation back-gate effect drain current mosfet i/v 특성 mosfet gm 반도체 기초 mosfet current source mosfet 특성 i/v 특성 vth mosfetbody mosfet기호 mosfet원리 mosfet구조 반도체 소자 short channel effect CMRR slew Aspect ratio Body Effect Transconductance inversion layer FINFET Differential mosfet 원리 bulk Operational amplifier opamp ota series Start-up 증폭기 PVT VGA MOS clamp